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Victor David Gruen, born Viktor David Grünbaum[ 1] (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-American architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States. [ 2] He is also noted for his urban revitalization proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort Worth ...
The International Council of Shopping Centers, based in New York City, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m 2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m 2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores. [8]
Valley View Center. / 32.92944°N 96.80833°W / 32.92944; -96.80833. Valley View Center is a former mall located at Interstate 635 and Preston Road in north Dallas, Texas, U.S. [ 4] It is owned and managed by Dallas-based Beck Ventures. The mall was formerly home to anchor stores that were once JCPenney, Macy's, Sears, and Dillard's.
The mall was one of the first enclosed, suburban shopping centers in the United States. - Sears, Roebuck and Co/PhotoQuest/Getty Images The first round of malls in the mid-to-late 1950s did have ...
Kalamazoo Mall. The Kalamazoo Mall, the first outdoor pedestrian shopping mall in the United States, is a section of Burdick Street in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan . Built for $60,000 and opened in 1959, the pedestrian mall became the first of several hundred built in the United States. The bold effort to make a downtown street car-free as a ...
Gruen transfer. In shopping mall design, the Gruen transfer (also known as the Gruen effect) is the moment when consumers enter a shopping mall or store and, surrounded by an intentionally confusing layout, lose track of their original intentions, making them more susceptible to making impulse buys. It is named after Austrian architect Victor ...
NorthPark Center, sometimes referred to as simply NorthPark, is an enclosed shopping mall in Dallas, Texas (United States). It is at the intersection of Loop 12 (Northwest Highway) and US 75 ( North Central Expressway ). Opened in 1965, it now has over 235 stores and restaurants and annual sales of over $1 billion.
Horton Plaza was a five-level outdoor shopping mall in downtown San Diego. It was designed by Jon Jerde and was known for its bright colors, architectural tricks, and odd spatial rhythms, occupying 6.5 city blocks adjacent to the city's historic Gaslamp Quarter. Opening in 1985, it was the first successful downtown retail center since the rise ...