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Definition and context Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed. Confirmation biases are effects in information processing. They differ from what is sometimes called the behavioral confirmation effect, commonly known as ...
Abilene paradox. The Abilene paradox is a collective fallacy, in which a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of most or all individuals in the group, while each individual believes it to be aligned with the preferences of most of the others. [1] [2] It involves a breakdown of group ...
Administrative law. The doctrine of nondelegation (or non-delegation principle) is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural ...
Punch list. A punch list is a document prepared during key milestones or near the end of a construction project listing works that do not conform to contract drawings and specifications that the general contractor must correct prior to final payment. [1] The work may include incomplete or incorrect installations or incidental damage to existing ...
Control (management) Control is a function of management that helps to check errors and take corrective actions. This is done to minimize deviation from standards and ensure that the stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner. According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action; earlier concepts of control were ...
Heteronormativity is the concept that heterosexuality is the preferred or normal sexual orientation. [1] It assumes the gender binary (i.e., that there are only two distinct, opposite genders) and that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of opposite sex. Heteronormativity creates and upholds a social hierarchy based on ...
An action plan is a detailed plan outlining actions needed to reach one or more goals. [1] [ citation needed ] Alternatively, it can be defined as a "sequence of steps that must be taken, or activities that must be performed well, for a strategy to succeed".
The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".