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Luhn algorithm. The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on 23 August 1960. [ 1]
2 dual 4-bit decade counter, asynchronous clear 16 SN74LS390: 74x393 2 dual 4-bit binary counter, asynchronous clear 14 SN74LS393: 74x395 1 4-bit cascadable shift register three-state 16 SN74LS395A: 74x396 8 octal storage registers, parallel access 16 SN74LS396: 74x398 4 quad 2-input multiplexers, storage and complementary outputs 20 SN74LS398 ...
Block cipher mode of operation. In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. [ 1] A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of ...
For example, a four-bit counter can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4). Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time. In asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock, and the flip-flop states change at different ...
Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication protocol, typically 8-bit octets (bytes), although they can also be applied separately to an entire message string of bits. The parity bit ensures that the total number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd. [1]
Asynchronous circuit ( clockless or self-timed circuit) [1] : Lecture 12 [note 1] [2] : 157–186 is a sequential digital logic circuit that does not use a global clock circuit or signal generator to synchronize its components. [1] [3] : 3–5 Instead, the components are driven by a handshaking circuit which indicates a completion of a set of ...
For power-of-2 integer division, a simple binary counter can be used, clocked by the input signal. The least-significant output bit alternates at 1/2 the rate of the input clock, the next bit at 1/4 the rate, the third bit at 1/8 the rate, etc. An arrangement of flipflops is a classic method for integer-n division. Such division is frequency ...
IRIG J-1 timecode consists of 15 characters (150 bit times), sent once per second at a baud rate of 300 or greater: <SOH>DDD:HH:MM:SS<CR><LF>. SOH is the ASCII "start of header" code, with binary value 0x01. DDD is the ordinal date (day of year), from 1 to 366. HH, MM and SS are the time of the start bit.