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A scalar field associates a scalar value to every point in a space. The scalar is a mathematical number representing a physical quantity.Examples of scalar fields in applications include the temperature distribution throughout space, the pressure distribution in a fluid, and spin-zero quantum fields (known as scalar bosons), such as the Higgs field.
In mathematics, time-scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, unifying integral and differential calculus with the calculus of finite differences, offering a formalism for studying hybrid systems. It has applications in any field that requires simultaneous modelling of discrete ...
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) [1] often referred to as simply the Principia (/ p r ɪ n ˈ s ɪ p i ə, p r ɪ n ˈ k ɪ p i ə /), is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
862 - The Banu Musa brothers write the "Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures", 9th century - Thābit ibn Qurra discusses the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of different types of conic sections. [5] 12th century - Bhāskara II discovers a rule equivalent to Rolle's theorem for ,
It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus—the study of the area beneath a curve. [2] The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of a function, related notions such as the differential, and their applications.
Marx identified three historical phases of development - the "mystical" differential calculus of Newton and Leibniz, the "rational" differential calculus of d'Alembert, and the "purely algebraic" differential calculus of Lagrange. [9] However, as Marx was not aware of the work of Cauchy, he did not carry his historical development any further. [9]
Nonstandard analysis [1] [2] [3] instead reformulates the calculus using a logically rigorous notion of infinitesimal numbers. Nonstandard analysis originated in the early 1960s by the mathematician Abraham Robinson .
The method is a notational procedure used for deriving identities involving indexed sequences of numbers by pretending that the indices are exponents.Construed literally, it is absurd, and yet it is successful: identities derived via the umbral calculus can also be properly derived by more complicated methods that can be taken literally without logical difficulty.
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