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Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. [ 1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere / cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere ). Earth ...
Earth is rounded into an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light-minutes away from the Sun and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution.
Space research is scientific study carried out in outer space, and by studying outer space. From the use of space technology to the observable universe, space research is a wide research field. Earth science, materials science, biology, medicine, and physics all apply to the space research environment. The term includes scientific payloads at ...
Definition. The Science Education Resource Center, Carleton College, offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical ...
Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. Outer layers. By composition. Crust (geology) – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Moho Discontinuity – The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle.
The science and engineering of spacefaring and spaceflight, a subset of Aerospace engineering (which includes atmospheric flight) Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation.
Planetary science. A geological map of the Sputnik Planitia basin on the dwarf planet Pluto. Analysis of planetary surfaces and surface features is a major component of planetary science. Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth ), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and ...
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. [ 4][ 5][ 6] Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.