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In economics and commerce, the Bertrand paradox — named after its creator, Joseph Bertrand [1] — describes a situation in which two players (firms) reach a state of Nash equilibrium where both firms charge a price equal to marginal cost ("MC"). The paradox is that in models such as Cournot competition, an increase in the number of firms is ...
Contestable market. In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, held that there are markets served by a small number of firms that are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibrium (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short ...
Firms do not cooperate, i.e., there is no collusion; Firms have market power, i.e., each firm's output decision affects the good's price; The number of firms is fixed; Firms compete in quantities rather than prices; and; The firms are economically rational and act strategically, usually seeking to maximize profit given their competitors' decisions.
An oligopoly (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and πωλέω (pōléō) 'to sell') is a market in which pricing control lies in the hands of a few sellers. [1][2] As a result of their significant market power, firms in oligopolistic markets can influence prices through manipulating the supply function. Firms in an oligopoly are ...
September 25, 2024 at 5:00 AM. Westend61/Getty Images/File. Major cell phone carriers have started to adopt a new technology that helps direct callers to the 988 suicide and crisis hotline to help ...
[12] [13] [14] An industry with 3 firms cannot have a lower Herfindahl than an industry with 20 firms when firms have equal market shares. But as market shares of the 20-firm industry diverge from equality the Herfindahl can exceed that of the equal-market-share 3-firm industry (e.g., if one firm has 81% of the market and the remaining 19 have ...
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v. t. e. In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, or an economic barrier to entry, is a fixed cost that must be incurred by a new entrant, regardless of production or sales activities, into a market that incumbents do not have or have not had to incur. [1] Because barriers to entry protect incumbent firms and restrict ...